Solid gel dispensers for achieving controlled release of volatile liquid materials and method for preparing same

ABSTRACT

Aesthetically attractive, free standing dispensers for the controlled release of volatile liquid materials such as perfumes and fragrances into the atmosphere consist essentially of composite hydrogels comprising a continuous phase of a solubilized polyvinyl alcohol, a dispersed phase comprising a polyelectrolyte and an aqueous solution of the volatile liquid that is distributed between said continuous and dispersed phases. The exterior surfaces of the dispenser remain dry to the touch throughout its useful life.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 337,671 filed onApr. 13, 1989, which is a continuation-in-part of copending applicationSer. No. 309,280, filed on Jan. 26, 1989, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the controlled release of volatile materials.More particularly, this invention relates to improved dispensers forvolatile liquid materials such as an air freshener fragrance or abiologically active composition. The dispenser consists essentially of asolid polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel containing a dispersed polyelectrolyteand an aqueous solution of the volatile material.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Dispensers for the controlled release of volatile liquids such asperfumes, deodorants and biologically active compositions are known. Oneclass of dispensers comprise a matrix, such as a film formed from anatural or synthetic organic polymer, that is impregnated with thematerial to be released. Dispensers of this type are described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,720,409, which issued on Jan. 19, 1988. One majordisadvantage of this type of dispenser is the relatively small volume ofliquid that can be incorporated into a solid film of an organic polymerwithout destroying the coherency of the film. This severely limits theuseful life of the dispenser.

A second type of controlled release dispenser comprises a reservoir ofthe volatile liquid material enclosed within either a rigid or flexiblecontainer wherein at least a portion of the wall of the container isporous to the volatile liquid. Dispensers of this type are described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,356,969, which issued on Nov. 2, 1982. To reduce thelikelihood of leakage of a bulk liquid from the dispenser, the liquidcomposition containing the volatile materials to be released can beabsorbed into a porous material such as a sponge or a polyurethane foam.The impregnated material can optionally be enclosed within a porouscontainer. Dispensers of this type are described in West German Pat. No.1,617,995, which issued on Apr. 22, 1971; French Pat. No. 2,585,954,which issued on Feb. 13, 1987; U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,380, which issued onJun. 10, 1986; U.S. Pat. No. 4,094,119, which issued on Jun. 13, 1978;French Pat. No. 2,239,255, which issued on Apr. 4, 1975; and French Pat.No. 2,229,425, which issued on Jan. 17, 1975.

In a third type of dispenser the liquid composition containing thematerial to be released is incorporated into a gel or wax formed from anatural or synthetic organic polymer. Additives to modify the propertiesof the gel or wax can also be included in the composition.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,117,110, which issued on Sept. 26, 1978, describes animproved solid air deodorant wherein the active ingredient, typically aperfume composition, is combined with paraffin that has been gelledusing a metallic soap. The improvements alleged for this product are thepresence of the soap, which acts as a support for the hydrocarbon gel,and the ability to select the volatility of the paraffin to achieve anevaporation of both the paraffin and the active ingredient, therebyleaving the external appearance of the dispenser unchanged.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,719,040, which issued on Jan. 12, 1988 teaches absorbinga perfume into a finely divided, water insoluble polymer and combiningthe resultant mixture with from 0.5 to 10 percent, based on the combinedweight of all ingredients, of a gelling agent.

Published European patent application No. 138,844, which issued on May2, 1985 teaches achieving continuous diffusion of perfume into theatmosphere by incorporating the perfume composition into a gelling agentsuch as carrageen or agar containing a mineral substance of fiber suchas calcium sulfate, an aluminum silicate or sawdust.

In accordance with the teaching of British Pat. No. 1,544,221 a volatilematerial, such as an air freshener fragrance or an insecticide, iscombined with a liquid hydrocarbon and a soap of a polyvalent metal, andthe resultant composition is incorporated into a spongy gel formed froma lower alcohol and the sodium salt of a higher fatty acid such asstearic acid.

None of the aforementioned prior art gels is completely satisfactory asa dispenser for achieving controlled release of volatile liquids such asperfumes and biologically active compositions.

Two of the most objectionable disadvantages of many prior art gels asdispensers for the controlled release of volatile materials are a wet orotherwise aesthetically unattractive surface and/or the slow rate atwhich the volatile materials are released from the gel.

When many prior art gels are used to dispense a fragrance or othervolatile liquid the gel must be enclosed in a suitable container thatconceals the gel and makes it inaccessible to the user of the dispenser,yet allows the volatile liquid to be released into the atmosphere at thedesired rate. When the volatile liquid is an air freshener fragrance itis often desirable to have a relatively high initial rate of release, inthe order of about 1 gram per hour which then gradually decreases over aperiod of several hours to a lower rate that is maintained over theuseful life of the dispenser.

The preparation of some prior art gels requires blending a number ofingredients in specified proportions to achieve the desired releaserate. In other instances the desired release rate cannot be achievedand/or maintained over the entire useable life of the dispenser, or notall of the volatile liquid is capable of being dispensed.

Gels prepared from solutions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in water or amixture of water and a water-miscible organic solvent such as methanol,propanol, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide are disclosed innumerous patents and other publications. Typical of recently issuedpatents describing gels formed from aqueous solutions of polyvinylalcohol is U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,358, which issued to Hyon et al on May 5,1987. This patent teaches cooling to below room temperature a solutionof polyvinyl alcohol in a mixture of water and a water-miscible organicsolvent such as alcohols containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, glycolsand dimethyl sulfoxide. Mixtures of water and dimethyl sulfoxide arepreferred, and the water can constitute from 10 to 90 weight percent ofthe solvent mixture. The gel formed by cooling the solution is thenimmersed in flowing water to remove the organic solvent. Alternativelythe initial gel is dried to remove substantially all of the solvent andthen immersed in water to form the hydrogel. This patent also teachesthat extraction of the organic solvent may not be necessary for certainend-use applications of the gel, including the controlled release ofdrugs or perfumes.

The alleged advantage of hydrogels prepared as described in the Hyonpatent is their transparency relative to the opaque gels obtained fromsolutions of polyvinyl alcohol in either water or dimethyl sulfoxide asthe only solvent.

The Hyon patent teaches that hydrogels prepared in accordance with themethod disclosed in this patent differ from hydrogels prepared at roomtemperature by the absence of stickiness and improved mechanicalstrength. The hydrogels are capable of being molded into articles ofvarious shapes, however there is no indication regarding whether theaesthetic properties of the gel other than stickiness differ from thoseof other prior art gels, specifically, whether any liquid is initiallypresent on the surface of the molded article or exudes to the surfacewhen the article is exposed to the atmosphere for extended periods oftime under ambient conditions. If the gel is to be used as a freestanding dispenser for the controlled release of a perfume or othervolatile material over a period of days or weeks, the presence of liquidmaterials during this period would be aesthetically unacceptable to theuser of such a dispenser.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 309,280, filed on Jan. 26, 1989 in thenames of the present inventors discloses that controlled releasedispensers prepared using PVA hydrogel compositions of the typedescribed in the aforementioned Hyon et al. patent are unique withrespect to dispensers formed from other hydrogels by virtue of surfacesthat remain dry to the touch throughout the useful life of thedispenser. Unlike prior art dispensers, the dispensers described in theaforementioned application are aesthetically attractive in addition tobeing free standing, and therefore do not have to be enclosed in acontainer to conceal the gel and/or prevent leakage of liquid materialsthat appear on the surface of the dispenser as the volatile material(s)entrapped within the dispenser is released. An advantage of thesedispensers is the ability to mold the gel from which the dispenser isprepared into any desired shape.

One disadvantage of hydrogels formed from polyvinyl alcohol is that theamount of aqueous composition capable of being incorporated into thehydrogel is limited to about 90 weight percent, based on the totalweight of the hydrogel.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 371,481, filed on Jun. 26, 1989, in thenames of D. Graiver, E. Gen and Y. Ikada discloses composite polyvinylalcohol hydrogel compositions containing a dispersed phase of apolyelectrolyte such as sodium polyacrylate. These composite hydrogelsare capable of absorbing considerably larger amounts of water relativeto prior art polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels. These hydrogels expand up to8000% or more in the presence of water without loss of structuralintegrity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect of this invention aestheticallyattractive, free standing dispensers for the controlled release ofvolatile liquid materials such as perfumes and fragrances into theatmosphere are prepared by (1) forming a first aqueous compositioncomprising a solubilized polyvinyl alcohol, water, a polyelectrolyte andan amount of a water-miscible liquid sufficient to maintain saidpolyelectrolyte as a dispersed phase while avoiding precipitation of thepolyvinyl alcohol, said water-miscible liquid being selected from thegroup consisting of monohydric alcohols and dimethyl sulfoxide, (2)cooling the resultant aqueous composition to below room temperature toform a hydrogel in the shape of the final dispenser, (3) when dimethylsulfoxide is an ingredient of said aqueous composition, immersing thehydrogel in methanol for a sufficient time to extract said dimethylsulfoxide, and then (4) immersing said hydrogel in a second aqueouscomposition comprising water, said volatile liquid material and amonohydric alcohol containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms in anamount sufficient to solubilize the volatile ingredient.

The present dispensers contain up to 99 weight percent of a aqueousmixture containing the volatile liquid material, which is dispensed at auniform, controllable rate into the atmosphere adjacent to thedispenser. The surface of the dispenser remains dry to the touchthroughout the dispensing process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides an improved dispenser for achieving controlledrelease over an extended period of time of a volatile liquid into theenvironment adjacent to the dispenser, the dispenser comprising ahydrogel formed from an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol. Theimprovement comprises (1) the presence in said hydrogel of from 1 to 20percent, based on the total weight of said hydrogel, of apolyelectrolyte that is present as a finely divided dispersed phasewithin a continuous phase of said hydrogel, and a monohydric alcoholcontaining from one to four carbon atoms in an amount sufficient tosolubilize said volatile liquid and without precipitating the polyvinylalcohol, (2) a method for preparing said dispenser whereby at least aportion of said volatile liquid is incorporated into said dispenser byimmersing it in an aqueous mixture comprising said volatile liquid and(3) a free standing dispenser possessing an exterior surface that isinitially dry to the touch and remains so throughout the useful life ofsaid dispenser.

The characterizing features of this invention include (1) a dispenserthat is free standing, remains dry to the touch throughout its usefullife and is fabricated from a hydrogel comprising a continuous phasecontaining from 5 to 25 percent, based on the weight of said dispenser,of a solubilized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a finely divided dispersedphase containing from 1 to 20 percent, based on the weight of saiddispenser, of a polyelectrolyte, and (2) up to 99 percent, based on thetotal weight of the hydrogel, of an aqueous composition comprisingwater, a volatile liquid to be released from said dispenser and at leastone water-miscible aliphatic monohydric alcohol containing from 1 toabout 4 carbon atoms, the concentration of said alcohol being sufficientto solubilize said volatile liquid.

THE POLYVINYL ALCOHOL (PVA) PORTION OF THE HYDROGEL

The polyvinyl alcohol that comprises the polymer portion of thecontinuous phase in the present dispensers is typically prepared byhydrolysis or saponification of polyvinyl acetate. The degree ofhydrolysis varies depending upon the intended end use of the polymer.The vinyl alcohol polymers of this invention are preferably fullyhydrolyzed and are linear or contain at most a minimal degree ofbranching. The reason for this preference is to achieve the maximumdegree of hydrogen bonding. The formation of hydrogen bonding betweenhydroxyl groups on adjacent polymer molecules and crystallization of thepolymer are considered responsible for the development of the excellentphysical properties associated with this type of polymer.

The molecular weight of the PVA used to prepare the gel and, ultimately,the dispenser is determined by the desired physical and aestheticproperties of the dispenser. The molecular weight of the PVA should notbe less than 44,000, preferably not less than 75,000. Commerciallyavailable polymers with molecular weights of from 75,000 to 440,000 arepreferred for preparing the present dispensers, particularly thosepolymers containing relatively large concentrations of syndiotactic orisotactic segments within the polymer molecules.

To maximize the concentration of active ingredient, i.e. the fragranceor other volatile liquid, in the dispenser the concentration of PVA inthe initial solution should be as low as will allow formation of ahydrogel that retains its integrity and a dry surface in the presence ofthe solubilized active ingredient. The operable and preferredconcentration ranges for the PVA will be at least in part dependent uponthe molecular weight of this polymer.

Typically the properties of PVA gels, particularly tensile strength andelongation at break, increase with increasing concentration and/ormolecular weight of the polymer. PVA concentrations of below about 10weight percent are preferred, although higher concentrations of polymercan be used if it is desired to improve physical properties at the costof reducing the concentration of liquid ingredients in the finaldispenser.

THE POLYELECTROLYTE PHASE OF THE HYDROGEL

The ability of the present dispensers to absorb an amount of water equalto up to 8000 times the weight of the polymeric ingredients present inthe hydrogel is due to the presence of a polyelectrolyte that is presentas a finely divided dispersed phase within a matrix of solubilizedpolyvinyl alcohol.

Suitable polyelectrolytes are capable of being ionized and dissociatedon contact with water, but are insoluble in the liquid PVA compositionsused to prepare the present hydrogels and dispensers. Examples ofsuitable polyelectrolytes include but are not limited to polyacrylicacid, polymethacrylic acid, sodium, potassium and other metal salts ofpolyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid, polyethyleneimine,polymethacrylamide, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, partiallyhydrolyzed polyalkylacrylamide, polyphosphoric acid,polyethylenesulfonic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, polyvinylamine,polyvinylsulfonic acid, polyvinylpyridines,poly-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, copolymers of monomershaving an ionizable atomic group such as copolymers of vinyl alcohol andacrylic acid, water-soluble derivatives of natural substances, andpolymers thereof. These polyelectrolytes can be used singly or in theform of mixtures of two or more of them. Alkali metal and alkaline earthmetal salts, especially sodium salts, of polymerized ethylenicallyunsaturated acids such as acrylic acid are preferred.

The polyelectrolyte portion of the present hydrogels exists as adispersed particulate phase within a matrix of PVA. The particle sizerange of the polyelectrolyte is typically from about 10 to about 50microns. The presence of the polyelectrolyte as a discrete phase can berecognized when the water is removed from the hydrogel.

The polyelectrolyte is preferably crosslinked to the extent that it willexpand but not dissolve when immersed in water. The reason for thispreference is to avoid migration of the polyelectrolyte together withthe liquid material that diffuses to the surface during release of thevolatile liquid from the dispenser. Under these conditions the quantityof linear polyelectrolyte reaching the surface of the dispenser may besufficient to impart a stick or tacky touch to the surface.

A second route by which composition of the hydrogel can be altered is byleaching out of water soluble linear polyelectrolytes when the dispenseris regenerated by standing in excess water. For certain end-useapplications it may be desirable to refill the present gel dispenserswhen the initial supply of liquid materials is depleted. This isconveniently accomplished by immersing the depleted hydrogel in anaqueous solution of the volatile liquid and allowing the gel to expandas the solution is absorbed. This immersion process can be repeated whenthe initial supply of volatile liquid is depleted by evaporation.

Hydrogels containing the preferred cross linked polyelectrolytes can besubjected to more of these expanding and contracting cycles withoutsignificant changes in composition resulting from solubilization of thepolyelectrolyte in the water that gradually diffuses out of the hydrogelas it contracts.

Another method for reducing loss of polyelectrolyte from the dispenseris to employ as the polyelectrolyte block copolymers containing a PVAblock and a polyelectrolyte block. These block copolymers have a reducedtendency to diffuse out of the hydrogel composite during repeatedexpanding and contracting cycles because of the compatibility of the PVAblock with the PVA present in the matrix portion of the presentdispensers. It is believed that the PVA block forms hydrogen bonds withthe PVA matrix in which the polyelectrolyte is dispersed. These hydrogenbonds act as anchors to hold the polyelectrolyte within the hydrogelmatrix. Block copolymers of vinyl alcohol and acrylic acid and blockcopolymers of vinyl alcohol and methacrylic acid are preferred.

The total solids concentration and the weight ratio of polyelectrolyteto PVA will affect a number of properties of the present compositehydrogels, particularly the maximum amount of water the gel will absorb.To fully utilize the advantages of composite hydrogels for thecontrolled release of volatile liquids the hydrogel should contain themaximum amount of polyelectrolyte that will yield a self-supportingarticle. With the exception of the aforementioned block copolymers, asignificant portion of non-crosslinked polyelectrolytes are leached outwhen the dispenser is placed in an aqueous solution of the volatileliquid. It is therefore possible to form self-supporting dispenser fromcompositions containing up to about 80 weight percent of thesepolyelectrolytes, based on the combined weight of polyelectrolyte andPVA. On the other hand, polyelectrolytes that are either crosslinked orblock copolymers containing PVA segments are not readily leached out.The concentration of these polyelectrolytes is therefore limited to amaximum of about 70 percent, based on the combined weight ofpolyelectrolyte and PVA if the final dispenser is to be self-supporting.

FORMATION OF THE COMPOSITE HYDROGEL DISPENSER

Hydrogels of the present type can be prepared by uniformly dispersingthe polyelectrolyte throughout a solution of PVA. The PVA is dissolvedin a mixture of water and a water miscible liquid that can be dimethylsulfoxide or a monohydric alcohol containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.The concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide or alcohol is sufficient tomaintain the polyelectrolyte as a dispersed phase within the solubilizedPVA without causing precipitation of the PVA. For dimethyl sulfoxidethis concentration range is typically from 50 to about 85 weightpercent, based on the combined weight of this solvent and water, whilefor alcohol this range is typically from 10 to about 40 percent byweight, preferably from 20 to 35 percent by weight. Alcoholconcentration greater than about 40 weight percent often result inprecipitation of the PVA.

The solution of PVA and dispersed polyelectrolyte in one of theaforementioned water/alcohol or water/DMSO mixtures is cooled to atemperature lower than 25° C., preferably below 0° C., to form ahydrogel. This low-temperature treatment promotes gelation, and yields asolid gel wherein the polyelectrolyte is dispersed in as finely dividedsolid particles within a PVA matrix. The container in which the solutionis cooled preferably conforms to the shape of the final dispenser.

The cooling period required to form a hydrogel from the PVA solution iscooled depends upon a number of variables, including the concentrationand molecular weight of the polymer, the rate at which the solution iscooled, and the rate at which the resultant gel is returned to ambienttemperature. Taking all of these variables into account, this timeperiod is generally from 2 to 16 hours.

The present inventors found that for the types and concentrations ofpolymers and the range of processing conditions they evaluated nosignificant additional improvement in properties of the final dispenserwas apparent after 16 hours of cooling.

When the water miscible liquid present in the initial PVA solution isdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the next step in preparing the presentdispenser is replacement of the DMSO with a volatile alcohol such asmethanol or ethanol by placing the hydrogel in contact with an excess ofthis alcohol. Typically the hydrogel is place in a container filled withthe alcohol and allowed to remain there for a period of time sufficientto extract the DMSO. This time period is usually from 24 to 48 hours.

The final step in the method for preparing the present dispensers is toplace the hydrogel, which is preferably in the form of the finaldispenser, in an aqueous solution of the volatile liquid to be releasedduring operation of the dispenser. If the volatile liquid is not solublein water, the solution also contains an amount of a monohydric alcoholsufficient to solubilize the volatile liquid. Because the alcohol is nota swelling agent for the polyelectrolyte, and may thereby reduce theweight of liquid capable of being absorbed by the dispenser, the amountof alcohol should be limited to the minimum required to solubilize thevolatile ingredient. Because many volatile ingredients, particularlyfragrances and biologically active compounds, are not readily soluble ina water-alcohol mixture, one or more water-miscible organic compoundssuch as ketones or amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide andN,N-dimethylacetamide may also be required.

During this step of the process the dispenser may swell to 2 or moretimes its original volume.

As disclosed in preceding sections of this specification, the liquidingredients constitute up to about 98 weight percent of the finalhydrogel and the dispensers fabricated from these hydrogels. The maximumamount of liquid material will depend at least in part upon the relativeconcentrations of polyelectrolyte and water in the hydrogel.

The fragrance or other volatile active ingredient to be released fromthe present dispensers typically constitutes from about 5 to about 25weight percent of the liquid, i.e. non-polymer, ingredients present inthe dispensers of this invention. When the volatile material is afragrance, a variety of both natural and synthetic floral and herbalfragrances are commercially available and can be used for this purpose.

An alternative method for preparing the final dispenser is cooling theinitial PVA/polyelectrolyte mixture to form a rod or similarly shapedelongate article that is subsequently placed in the solution of volatileingredient and allowed to swell, after which it is cut into pellets.Because the gel behaves as a thermoplastic material, the pellets can bemelted and fabricated into the desired shape. The pellets themselves canbe placed in a suitable decorative container having at least oneaperture through which the volatile liquid contained within the hydrogelis released into the atmosphere.

The advantage of the present hydrogels containing up to 95 percent byweight or more of a solubilized volatile ingredient as the liquid phaseis their ability to be used directly as a free standing dispenser for anair freshener fragrance or other volatile liquid. The gel does not haveto be confined in a container to avoid leakage of liquid material and/orrequiring the ultimate user of the dispenser to handle an exposed wetsurface or view an aesthetically unattractive article at any time duringthe useful life of the dispenser. As disclosed in the precedingspecification, the exterior surface of the initial dispenser is dry tothe touch and remains dry until the all of the air freshener fragranceor other active ingredient has been released.

It should be apparent that the external dimensions of articles formedfrom the present air freshener compositions will decrease substantiallyas the mixture of active ingredient and volatile solvents evaporatesinto the atmosphere. Under given conditions of temperature and humiditythe rate at which the active ingredient is released into the atmospherewill be directly proportional to the external dimensions of thedispenser. The reduction in external dimensions will cease when thesupply of active ingredient is exhausted, thereby providing an obvioussignal to the user that the useful life of the dispenser is complete. Asecond method for determining the end of the useful life is to includein the composition used to prepare the dispenser a small amount of abasic or acidic material and a pH indicator such as thymol blue thatwill undergo a color change within the pH range of from 5 to about 8.The present inventors have found that the indicator will undergo a colorchange as the concentration of active ingredient approaches zero.

Volatile liquid materials other than perfumes and fragrances that can bereleased at a controlled rate using the PVA dispensers of this inventioninclude but are not limited to deodorizers and physiologically orbiologically active materials such as insect attractants or repellents,pheromones, disinfectants, pesticides, perservatives, and vaporizedmedications.

The following examples are intended to describe preferred embodiments ofthe present invention and should not be interpreted as limiting thescope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims. Unlessotherwise specified all parts and percentages specified in the examplesare by weight and viscosities were measured at 25 degrees C.

EXAMPLE 1

This example describes the preparation of a preferred type of airfreshener dispenser.

A dispenser of this invention was prepared by blending the followingingredients to homogeneity in a glass reactor equipped with amechanically operated stirrer, water cooled condenser and thermometer:

15 parts of a polyvinyl alcohol with a degree of hydrolysis of at least99.8 mole % and exhibiting a number average molecular weight of 86,000;

30 parts of a copolymer of polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylic acid,available as SP-510 from Sumitomo Chemical as the polyelectrolyte;

228 parts dimethyl sulfoxide; and

57 parts water.

The resultant slurry was heated for 30 minutes at 100° C. to dissolvethe polyvinyl alcohol. The polyelectrolyte remained dispersed in thesolution. The composition was allowed to cool to 60° C., at which timeit was poured into a mold fabricated from silicone rubber. The filledmold was then stored for about 16 hours in the freezer compartment of aresidential type refrigerator-freezer that was maintained at atemperature of -20° C. The resultant molded dispenser of this invention,which was in the shape of a frog (Sample 1), was removed from the moldand placed into a methanol bath to extract the dimethyl sulfoxide. Themethanol was replaced twice during a two-day period, following which thedispenser was removed from the bath and allowed to dry. The dispenserwas then placed in a solution of a floral type fragrance dissolved in a65/35 weight ratio mixture of water/ethanol. The dispenser was removedfrom the fragrance solution after 24 hours. The dispenser weighed 158grams.

To determine the rate at which the fragrance and other volatile liquidswere released the dispenser was allowed to remain under ambientconditions while the weight of the dispenser was measured periodicallyusing an analytical balance. The rate of weight loss between each of theweight measurements was calculated and appears in Table 1. The dispenserremained dry to the touch throughout the entire testing period.

For purposes of comparison the rate of weight loss exhibited by adispenser prepared without a polyelectrolyte was determined. Thedispenser was prepared by blending to homogeneity 36 parts each of waterand a finely divided polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exhibiting a molecularweight of 86,000. The mixture was heated with stirring under ambientpressure. When the temperature reached 90° C., 60 parts of a solution ofa floral type fragrance in a 65/35 weight ratio water/ethanol mixturewas added to the reactor. The resultant mixture was heated at atemperature of 87° C. for about ten minutes until the polymer hadcompletely dissolved, at which time 268 parts of the fragrance solutionwere added and heating was continued for an additional 20 minutes. Anadditional 19.38 parts of PVA and 19.4 parts of ethanol were then addedto achieve a PVA concentration of 9.0% and a 65/35 weight ratio ofwater/ethanol in the final solution.

The PVA solution was allowed to cool to 60° C., at which time it waspoured into the same mold used to prepare sample 1. The filled mold wasthen stored for about 64 hours in the freezer compartment of aresidential type refrigerator-freezer that was maintained at atemperature of -20° C. The resultant dispenser was removed and testedfor release rate. These data appear in Table 1 under the heading"Comparative Sample".

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                        Sample 1          Comparative Sample                                          Time   Weight Loss Rate                                                                             Time    Weight Loss Rate                                (Hrs.) (Grams/Hour)   (Hrs.)  (Grams/Hour)                                    ______________________________________                                        0.48   4.18           0.53    0.94                                            1.48   3.19           1.45    1.30                                            3.02   2.68           3.22    1.45                                            4.13   2.46           4.15    1.45                                            5.05   2.28           5.10    1.44                                            20.48  1.26           22.50   0.97                                            25.55  1.19           25.15   0.94                                            28.85  1.17           28.99   0.91                                            45.25  0.98           46.29   0.75                                            49.46  0.95           49.38   0.73                                            76.76  0.71           77.62   0.58                                            148.53 0.46           148.90  0.36                                            180.53 0.40           190.29  0.31                                            364.53 0.22           363.26  0.18                                            419.66 0.19           414.50  0.12                                            484.68 0.17           509.60  0.10                                            ______________________________________                                    

These data demonstrate that the initial release rate for the presentdispenser was larger than the rate for the comparative sample by afactor of almost 5, and remained greater throughout the test period.

EXAMPLE 2

This example demonstrates the direct relationship between the ratio ofpolyvinyl alcohol to polyelectrolyte and the rate at which a volatileliquid composition is released from the present dispenser.

Three films were prepared by blending to homogeneity polyvinyl alcohol(PVA), the polyelectrolyte described in the preceding Example 1(SP-510), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water to form a slurry. Theamounts of these ingredients used to prepare the three compositions arelisted in Table 2. The slurry was heated for half an hour at atemperature of 100° C. then poured into a petri dish to form a 4.8mm-thick layer. The compositions were gelled by placing the dishes inthe freezer compartment of a residential refrigerator-freezer maintainedat a temperature of -20° C. for about 16 hours. The resultant film wasthen placed in a container of methanol to extract the dimethylsulfoxide. The methanol was replaced twice over a period of 48 hours.The films were then dried to remove the methanol and divided intosamples weighing from 0.1 to 0.4 grams each. The weight of each samplewas recorded prior to placing it into a solution of a floral typefragrance in a 65/35 weight ratio water/ethanol mixture and remained inthis solution under ambient conditions until no additional increase inweight was observed, which required 7 days. The amount of fragrancesolution absorbed during this period, expressed as a percentage of theweight of the film prior to being placed in the fragrance solution, isrecorded in Table 2.

The samples were then allowed to remain under ambient conditions andweighed periodically to determined the amount of material that had beenreleased. The percentage of the fragrance mixture remaining in eachsample at each of these weighings was calculated. The calculated dataare recorded in Table 3.

                  TABLE 2                                                         ______________________________________                                        Sample       2            3      4                                            ______________________________________                                        PVA (parts)  10           10     5                                            SP-510 (parts)                                                                             2.5          5      10                                           DMSO (parts) 90           108    108                                          Water (parts)                                                                              22.5         27     27                                           PVA/SP-510   4/1          2/1    1/2                                          Percent Weight                                                                             573          1046   3445                                         Increase During                                                               Liquid Absorption                                                             ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 3                                                         ______________________________________                                        Elapsed Time                                                                             Weight Percent of Liquid Remaining                                 (Hours)    2           3         4                                            ______________________________________                                        0          100         100       100                                          6.82       27.27       56.56     70.46                                        22.60      2.27        17.21     49.63                                        31.28      2.27        6.56      28.98                                        46.47      0           1.23      12.22                                        54.47      --          0.82      6.82                                         118.47     --          0         0.71                                         126.19     --          --        0                                            ______________________________________                                    

That which is claimed is:
 1. In a dispenser for achieving controlledrelease over an extended period of time of a volatile liquid selectedfrom the group consisting of fragrances, disenfectants, biologicallyactive materials, perfumes, deodorizers and physiologically andbiologically active materials into the environment adjacent to thedispenser, the dispenser comprising a hydrogel formed from an aqueoussolution of polyvinyl alcohol, the improvement comprising (1) thepresence in said hydrogel of from 1 to 20 percent, based on the totalweight of said hydrogel, of a polyelectrolyte which is capable of beingionized and dissociated on contact with water, but is insoluble in theliquid polyvinyl alcohol used to prepare said hydrogel, where saidpolyelectrolyte is present as a finely divided dispersed phase within acontinuous phase of said hydrogel, and a monohydric alcohol containingfrom one to four carbon atoms in an amount sufficient to solubilize saidvolatile liquid and without precipitating the polyvinyl alcohol, (2) amethod for preparing said dispenser whereby at least a portion of saidvolatile liquid is incorporated into said dispenser by immersing it inan aqueous solution of said volatile liquid and (3) a free standingdispenser possessing an exterior surface that is initially dry to thetouch and remains so throughout the useful life of said dispenser.
 2. Adispenser according to claim 1 where said volatile liquid is afragrance, disinfectant or a biologically active material, the solventfor said polyvinyl alcohol is a mixture comprising water and an alcohol,where said alcohol constitutes less than 40 weight percent of saidsolvent, the molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol is from 75,000 to440,000, the polyvinyl alcohol constitutes less than 10 percent byweight of said hydrogel, said polyelectrolyte is selected from the groupconsisting of alkali metal salts of ethylenically unsaturated acids andblock copolymers of said salts and polyvinyl alcohol, the particle sizeof said polyelectrolyte is from 10 to 50 microns, the polyelectrolytewhen uncrosslinked and substantially free of polyvinyl alcoholconstitutes no more than about 80 percent of the combined weight ofpolyvinyl alcohol or no more than about 70 percent of said combinedweight when crosslinked or in the form of a block copolymer containingpolyvinyl alcohol segments, and said dispenser contains an acidic orbasic material and a pH indicator that undergoes a color change withinthe pH range of from 5 to about 8 as a means for signaling the end ofthe useful life of said dispenser.
 3. A dispenser according to claim 2where said polyelectrolyte is crosslinked or is a copolymer comprisingblocks of polyvinyl alcohol units and blocks of said polyelectrolyte,the polyelectrolyte is a block copolymer derived from an ethylenicallyunsaturated acid and polyvinyl alcohol, the volatile liquid is an airfreshener fragrance, said alcohol is ethanol and is present at aconcentration of from 20 to 35 weight percent, based on the weight ofthe solvent present in said final solution.